From the knowledge of the rates of accumulation of nutrients, such as Nitrogen, it is possible to identify the requirement nutrition in each period, which can help in a practical way in the fertilization of coffee crops. Adjust the amount and frequency of use of fertilizers, according to the plant's needs throughout the year, optimizes the use of the input and tends to result in a reduction in losses due to volatilization, fixing and leaching.
The coffee tree is a plant with high nutritional requirement, therefore mineral nutrition stands out as one of the main factors that contribute to the success in the formation and production of culture. Most of the nutrients absorbed is accumulated in the plant's organs, specifically the fruits, which are removed from the crop and a portion is transformed into a product be commercialized. Nitrogen stands out as the nutrient most accumulated in plant tissue and at the same time one of the that most needs fertilization installments due to its losses, mainly by leaching and volatilization.
The reproductive phase of Conilon/Robusta coffee is made up of steps. It begins with flowering, followed by fruit development composed of the chumbinho stadiums, rapid expansion, granation and maturation. Each training stage has functions physiological and metabolic processes, essential for the final formation of the coffee seed and fruit, as well as variations in concentration and in the content of elements accumulated in each stadium.
Obtaining knowledge of fees of nutrient accumulation, it is possible to identify the nutritional requirement in each period. Therefore, it can practically assist the fertilization program of the crop, adjusting the quantity and frequency of fertilizer use, according to the plant's need for the nutrient throughout the year. Is it possible that way, optimize the use of the input, with appropriate dosages in each period, according to the demand, with reduced losses due to volatilization, fixation and leaching, due to example.
Tests field has measured that the accumulation, as well as the rate of accumulation of nutrients in Fruit varies according to genotypes, management system and growing region. will be presented the accumulation rate of nitrogen alone in the three main regions Conilon/Robusta coffee producers in Brazil (Espírito Santo, Rondônia and Bahia), with its particularities.
The work was carried out in municipality of Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo, with the aim of evaluating the accumulation of nutrients in fruits at different periods for three clones/genotypes of variety Vitória (10V, 12V and 13V) and the clone Ipiranga 501. Therefore, it was found differences between the genotypes, which present a different maturation cycle (from early to super-late). Only the accumulation of nitrogen in the fruits.
It is clearly observed that there is a distinct pattern of N accumulation in fruits between genotypes throughout the growing season evaluation (Figure 1). For a better example of the difference in accumulation of N, two dates stand out, one being at the beginning of fruit formation: 09 September: late clones (13V and Ipiranga) with accumulation less than 5%, while the others (10V and 12V) with accumulation greater than 25%. February 06th: late clones with accumulation of less than 40%, and the others with accumulation greater than 90%.
The work was carried out in municipality of Itabela, Bahia. The accumulation of nutrients in fruits was evaluated since the pellet grain phase until maturation of the 12V genotype of the Vitória cultivar, in irrigated and non-irrigated system. However, only the accumulation of nitrogen in fruits.
In general, the work allowed us to state that the Irrigation provides greater accumulation of nitrogen in Conilon coffee fruits in Atlantic region of Bahia. The accumulation of nitrogen in fruits (Figure 2), characterized by presenting reduced accumulation rates in the initial phase of fruit formation, followed (from October onwards) by a phase of rapid expansion with the highest accumulation rates, and less expressive rates at the end of the fruit formation cycle.
The research was carried out in a clonal crop of medium-maturing Conilon/Robusta coffee trees, in the municipality from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia. The accumulation of nutrients in fruits was evaluated during the entire formation phase, in lines with and without fertilization. It will only be displayed nitrogen accumulation.
Nitrogen accumulation in the fruit at the initial and final stages were low, in the line with and without fertilization (Figure 3). From September onwards the accumulation rate and, consequently, the demand for N became greater, compared to other periods.
For the purpose of comparison and exemplification, maturation clones will be highlighted early/medium (12V) used in research carried out in Bahia and Espírito Santo and average maturity of Rondônia, at three approximate moments (Figures 1, 2 and 3). October 08/09: accumulation of 28% in Espírito Santo, 20% in Rondônia, and approximately 5% in Bahia. December 03/06: accumulation greater than 55% in Espírito Santo, 45% in Rondônia, and approximately 30% in Bahia. Start February: accumulation above 90% in Espírito Santo and Rondônia, and below to 75% in Bahia.
These numbers show differences in N accumulation in the three regions, with a greater discrepancy in the Bahia region, despite its proximity to Espírito Santo. It is evident that the percentage of demand is diverse, and consequently, the quantity and frequency must be different in the three regions, to promote optimization of the fertilizer use. This same logic should be used for genotypes of differentiated maturation (early, medium, late and super-late).
In research carried out for two years, with genotype 12V, in Itabela Bahia it was verified that N is the nutrient most accumulated in fruit and coffee beans and second in coffee straw (Table 1), therefore, with the harvest it is the most removed from the crop. Furthermore, It is one of the nutrients that suffer the most losses, due to volatilization and leaching, which generates the need for installments and efficiency in application, to optimize the use of the input and provide opportunities for less spending on fertilization.
Article published in issue 227 of Cultivar Grandes Culturas, April 2018.
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